Contents
Introduction to pathology:
Core:
- Introduction to different branches of pathology
- Definition of etiology, morphology, and pathogenesis
Cell injury:
Core:
Cause of cell injury
- Reversible and irreversible injury: mechanism
- Mechanism of hypoxic injury
- Name of free radical, target of the free radical and scavenging system (name of the anti-oxidant), the definition of reperfusion injury
- Definition of necrosis and apoptosis, types of necrosis, and morphologic features with examples
- Mechanism of free radical injury and reperfusion injury, apoptosis
- Consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of calcium homeostasis
Pigments and calcification Core:
- Pathological calcification- dystrophic and metastatic: definitions with examples.
- Different intracellular pigmentation particularly their name
Additional:
Mechanism of calcification
Acute Inflammation
Core:
- Causes and cardinal signs or features of acute inflammation;
- Vascular and cellular events Chemical mediators and their function
- Morphological patterns of acute inflammation
- The outcome of acute inflammation
- Local and systemic effects of acute inflammation
Additional:
- Recruitment of leukocytes
- Role of complement, coagulation, and kinin system
- Mechanism of neutrophil recruitment
- Recognition of microbes and dead tissue
- Defects in leukocyte function
- How the chemical mediator works
Chronic inflammation:
Core:
- Cause
- Difference with acute inflammation
- Role of macrophage
- Examples of granulomatous lesions
- Type of granuloma
- Mechanism of granuloma
Additional- Giant cells
Repair and healing:
Core:
- Definition of healing, repair, and regeneration
- Steps of cutaneous wound healing,
- Factors influencing wound healing
- Complications of wound healing,
- Fracture healing
- Nerve regeneration
Additional:
- Stem cell
- Growth cycle
- Extracellular matrix
Edema and electrolyte disorder
Core:
- Pathophysiology of edema
- Mechanism of edema in cirrhosis, renal disease, and heart failure
- Examination of body fluids such as pleural effusion, ascitic fluid
- Electrolyte disorder: causes of metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis & respiratory alkalosis
Hyperemia, congestion and hemorrhage and Shock
Core:
- Definition of hyperemia, congestion, and hemorrhage
- Cause of passive Congestion in lung and liver
- Shock: type, pathogenesis of septic shock, stages
Additional:
- Morphology of passive congestion in lung and liver
- Mechanism of compensation in shock
Thrombosis and embolism:
Core:
- Mechanism of thrombosis
- the fate of thrombus
- Clinical consequence of venous thrombosis, arterial and cardiac thrombosis
- DIC
Embolism and infarction
Core:
- Definition of embolism
- Pulmonary embolism: source and consequence
- Systemic thromboembolism: source and consequence
- Air embolism, fat embolism, amniotic fluid embolism: source and consequence
- Infarct: definition, types, factors influencing the formation of infarct
Growth disturbance and adaptive change
Core:
- Adaptive change
- Definitions and examples of atrophy, metaplasia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia
Additional:
Mechanism of the adaptive changes
Neoplasia
Core:
- Definition and characteristics of neoplasia
- Nomenclature
- Features of benign and malignant tumor
- Spread of tumor
- Genetic predisposition to cancer
- An example of a proto-oncogene is a cancer suppressor gene
- Precancerous conditions
Additional:
- Molecular basis of cancer
- Multiple steps of carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis
Core:
- Chemical carcinogen: classification
- Tumor: initiation and promotion
- Microbiologlogical carcinogen: name and the cancer associated with them
- Name of the radiant energy and the cancer associated with them
Additional:
Mechanism of the carcinogenesis of the viruses and radiant energy particularly of HPV and EBV H pylori
Tumor immunity and clinical aspects of neoplasia and laboratory diagnosis of tumor
Core:
- Tumor antigen
- Antitumor mechanism
- Immune surveillance
- Cancer cachexia
- Paraneoplastic syndrome
- Grading and staging of tumor: basis and their use
- Laboratory diagnosis: role of FNAC, cytological examination, pap smear, frozen section and immunohistochemistry
Additional:
- Mechanism of immune surveillance
- Paraneoplastic syndrome
- Molecular diagnosis of cancer
Genetics
Core:
- Basic definitions, mutation, type
- Classification of genetic disease
- Mendelian disorder: characteristics and examples
- Features of Down syndrome, turner syndrome Klinefelter syndrome, and hermaphrodite
- Name of the tools for diagnosis of genetic disease karyotype, FISH, PCR
Additional:
- Biochemical and molecular basis of single gene disorder, lysosomal storage disease
- Single gene disorder non-classical inheritance
- Indications of prenatal diagnosis
Immunopathology
Core:
- Name of immune deficiency diseases
- Autoimmune diseases: name of the organ-specific autoimmune diseases and the basic pathogenesis (name of the antibody)
- Name of the diagnostic tools
Infectious Disease
Core:
- Lesions produced by tuberculosis, leprosy, and syphilis
- Name of the diagnostic tools
Nutritional disorders
Core:
- Bone changes in deficiency states
- Features of vitamin A, Vit B12, and folic acid deficiency
Additional:
- Iron metabolism
- Vitamin A and D metabolism
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency mechanism
Environmental diseases and hazards
Core:
- Diseases associated with smoking, arsenic, radiation hazard
3. Lymphoreticular
Core:
- Causes of lymphadenopathy, Outline of classification of NHL
- Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Classification, morphology
Additional:
- Immune diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma
- Burkitt lymphoma: morphology
- Follicular lymphoma: morphology
- Causes of splenomegaly
4. Hematopathology
Core:
- Hematopoiesis, different stages of RBC and WBC
- Causes of Leukocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, monocities and thrombocytopenia
- Anemia: morphological and etiological classification
- Lab. diagnosis of nutritional anemia, iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia · Hemolytic anemia: classification
- Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia: lab diagnosis
- Aplastic anemia: etiology and lab diagnosis
- PNH, AIHA, Coombs test
- Classification of bleeding disorder
- ITP: causes and lab diagnosis
- Hemophilia: causes and lab. investigation
- Leukemia: classification and lab diagnosis
- CGL
- Multiple myeloma: lab. Diagnosis
Additional:
- Constituents of blood and bone marrow Polycythemia Blood Group and blood transfusion
Core:
- Blood transfusion: grouping and cross matching, transfusion reaction, blood transmissible disease, Rh incompatibility, Blood transfusion products
1. Blood vessels
Core:
- Name of different vasculitis, and vascular tumors
Core:
- Define arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, aneurysm and dissection,
- Risk factors of atherosclerosis, site of involvement, and complications
- Lipid profile
Additional: Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
2. Heart
Must know
- Ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction: pathogenesis, morphological features, and biochemical indicators, complications
- Rheumatic fever: pathogenesis, morphology and complications
- Infective endocarditis: pathogenesis, morphology and complications
- Causes of myocarditis, pericarditis
Additional:
Names of congenital heart disease.
5. Respiratory System
Core:
- Cause of Pulmonary edema
- Define: ARDS, obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumoconiosis
- Morphology of obstructive airway disease
- Pathogenesis and morphology of Pneumonia
- Lung abscess: pathogenesis and morphology
- Pulmonary tuberculosis: pathogenesis, morphology, fate
- Cause of pleural effusion
- Classification of lung tumor
Additional:
- Congenital anomalies
- Pathogenesis of obstructive airway disease, name of the granulomatous lesion of the lung
- The defense mechanism of lung
- Definition of restrictive disease
- Morphology and clinical effect of lung tumor
6. GIT
Core:
- Leukoplakia, the name of the carcinoma of the oral cavity
- Salivary gland tumor, morphology of pleomorphic adenoma
- Oesophagus: causes of oesophagitis, Barretts oesophagus
- Congenital anomalies of GIT – morphology of Hirschprung disease and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
- PU: pathogenesis, morphology, complications
- Inflammatory bowel syndrome, difference between crohns and ulcerative colitis
- Tumors of stomach
- Gastric cancer: morphology and etiopathogenesis
- Acute appendicitis Morphology
- Ca colon: morphology and etiopathogenesis
- Name of the different polyps of GIT
Additional:
- Pathogenesis of IBD
- Diverticulosis
- Infarction
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Ulcerative lesion of GIT
7. Hepatobiliary system
Core:
- Liver function tests & their interpretation
- Jaundice: types, differences
- Hepatitis: cause, morphology
- Cirrhosis: etiology, pathogenesis, morphology and complication
- Portal hypertension and hepatic failure: feature
- Liver abscess: morphological features
- Tumor of the liver: types
- Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: etiology, pathogenesis
Additional:
- Neonatal jaundice
- Diseases of the exocrine pancreas
- Hepatic Cysts
8. Renal system
Core:
- Classification of renal disease and its clinical Manifestation
- Renal function tests including examination of urine
- Immune basis of glomerulonephritis
- Classification of glomerulonephritis
- Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: etiopathogenesis, morphology, complications
- Nephrotic syndrome: definition, causes
- Pyelonephritis: etiopathogenesis, morphology and complications
- Renal tumor: different types
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Urinary bladder tumor: different types
Additional:
- Congenital disease of the kidney
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Urolithiasis: Types
- Morphology of renal cell carcinoma
- Morphology of different types of cystitis
9. Male genital system
Core:
- Prostate: causes of prostatitis
- An etiopathogenesis and morphology of nodular hyperplasia
- Role of PSA in prostatic carcinoma
- Testis
- Undescended testis: Importance
- Inflammatory diseases of testis
- Testicular tumor: classification and clinical outcome
- Morphology of seminoma, yolk sac tumor, and embryonal carcinoma
- Tumor markers for testicular tumors
- Semen analysis
10. Female genital system
Core:
- Causes of cervicitis, salpingitis
- Risk factors of cervical cancer
- Role of human papillomavirus –screening for cervical cancer
- Different histological types of cervical cancer
- Endometriosis: possible mechanism, sites, and effect of endometriosis
- Common tumor of the corpus of the uterus: morphology of leiomyoma
- Endometrial hyperplasia: different types, their morphology and importance
- Classification of ovarian tumor and role of tumor marker
- Morphology of teratoma, dysgerminoma, choriocarcinoma, and the different surface epithelial tumors, Kroonenberg tumor
- Hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma predisposing factors, morphology, and diagnosis
- Pregnancy test
11. Breast
Core:
- Name of the different inflammatory diseases of the breast, cause of lump of breast
- Fibrocystic disease: different types and their importance
- Classification of breast tumor
- Breast carcinoma: risk factors and the prognostic factors
- Screening of breast carcinoma
12. Endocrine system—thyroid and endocrine pancreas diabetes mellitus
Core:
- Causes of goiter, name of the different autoimmune diseases of the thyroid
- Thyroiditis: types and morphology
- Different types of thyroid tumors, their morphology, and prognosis
- Diabetes mellitus: different types, pathogenesis, and complications
- Estimation of blood sugar
- Glucose tolerance test and its interpretation
Additional: Mechanism of ketoacidosis
13. Skin
Core:
- Terms used in dermatology
- Cause of bullous lesions
- Name of premalignant and malignant lesions of the skin
- Basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma: morphology
14. CNS
Core:
- Indications of Examination of CSF and the findings in different types of meningitis
- Name of the CNS tumor
Additional:
- Changes in cerebral infarction
15. Bone, soft tissue, eye, and ENT
Core:
- Soft tissue tumor: names
- Bone tumor: names and their histogenesis
- Osteomyelitis: an etiopathogenesis, morphology
- Name of the tumors of the eye and nasal cavity
Additional:
- Morphology of retinoblastoma, giant cell tumor of bone, Ewings sarcoma
