Total marks – 300
Formative assessment marks=10
- Written = 90
[MCQ=20 (Multiple True False-10 + SBA-10),
SAQ+SEQ = 70
Making a total of 100 marks
- Structured Oral Examination (SOE) = 100
- Practical: 100 OSPE =40 (08 procedure stations, each having 05 marks]
Traditional =60 (Prescription writing 10, Drug interaction 05 x 02 =10,
Tracing and plotting = 10, Integrated teaching and Case report = (5+15) = 20,
Practical notebook =10)
Term I
A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
Lectures:
01: Introduction to Pharmacology
02: Drug Compendia (Information sources)
Pharmacopoeia, Formulary, Treatment guidelines (BP, INN, BNF, and BDNF)
03. Drug Administration
Routes, drug delivery, and formulations for local & systemic effects
04: Drug Absorption
Transfer of drugs across cell membrane & specialized barriers, Factors influencing absorption
05: Bio-availability
Studies to compare Bio-equivalence & to monitor therapy
06: Drug Distribution
Vd, Plasma protein & tissue binding, redistribution
07: Drug Metabolism
Where, why, and how of bio-transformation, hepatic microsomal enzymes- induction & inhibition Genetic influence on Drug metabolism (Pharmacogenetics)
08: Drug Elimination
Routes, Renal Excretion & Factors Influencing Renal Excretion
09: Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Vd, Cl, First & Zero order kinetics of Elimination, t½, Steady state concentration, loading dose & maintenance dose
10: Pharmaco-Dynamics:
Specific and non-specific mechanisms Receptors involved Second messenger system Enzyme mediated drug action
11: Quantitative aspects of drug action Dose-response relationships & curves Therapeutic Index and window-importance Information obtained from D-R curves Agonists – efficacy, potency, shift of curves Antagonists – efficacy, potency, shift of curves
12: Individual variations in drug responses
13. Drug Interaction at different levels
14: Drug Safety and Pharmacovigilance
Adverse drug reactions: Types, detecting & managing ADR ADR monitoring & reporting
Core Contents
A. AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY
Lectures
01: Introduction
Organization of ANS – sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric NS. Transmitters in ANS (ACh, NA, NANCs) Co-transmission, pre and postsynaptic modulation Cholinergic neurotransmission & drugs modifying the events, Cholinergic receptors
02: Cholinergic Drugs
Effects of the stimulation of Cholinoceptors Classification of cholinergic drugs – cholinoceptor agonists and anti-cholinesterase
03: Drugs for Glaucoma
Role of Cholinergic drugs compared to other drugs
04: OPC insecticide poisoning
Manifestation & management
05: Anti-cholinergic Anti-muscarinic
Atropine and atropine substitutes
06: Anti-cholinergic anti-nicotinic
Classification – Neuromuscular blockers & their role as skeletal muscle relaxants during anesthesia Ganglion blocker (names only) (No-6 red part to be deleted)
07: Adrenergic neurotransmission
Drugs modifying the events Adrenergic receptors Effects of stimulation of adrenoceptors
08: Adrenergic Drugs
Classification Adrenergic inotropic agents & their role in therapy Role of Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Isoprenaline, Dopamine, and dobutamine in therapy Adrenergic vasoconstrictors, nasal decongestants
09: Selective β2 agonists as Bronchodilators, Other bronchodilators
used in bronchial asthma
10: α–adrenoceptor antagonist
Role of selective α1 antagonist in therapy
11: β- adrenoceptor antagonist
Role of β blockers in therapy
Renal & Cardiovascular Pharmacology Lectures:
01: Diuretics
Classification of diuretics: based on sites & mechanism of action and efficacy Pharmacology of Thiazides, Loop, Potassium-sparing diuretics: their role in therapy edema and hypertension
02: Drugs used in hypertension
Epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension, Objectives of anti-hypertensive therapy, Classification of anti-hypertensive drugs. Pharmacology of Diuretics, b blockers, Ca channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor antagonists, blockers, methyl dopa, Vasodilators Principles of selection of drug in different clinical situations
03: Drugs used in congestive cardiac failure
Pathophysiology of heart failure Objectives of therapy Drugs used in CCF: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors & ARBs, Selective b-blockers, (Additional) Cardiac glycosides, vasodilators, Phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
04: Antianginal drugs
Pathophysiology of angina, Objectives of therapy Drugs used in angina: Nitrates, β- blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers.
05. Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Pathophysiology of arrhythmia Pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs
HEMATOPOIETIC PHARMACOLOGY
Lectures:
01: Anticoagulants & Thrombolytics
Pathophysiology of thrombo-embolism Pharmacology of Anti-coagulants: Heparin and LMW heparin, warfarin. Pharmacology of thrombolytics: Streptokinase, Alteplase, Rerelease etc.
02: Antiplatelet drugs
Pharmacology of low-dose aspirin, clopidogrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and their role in therapy
03: Lipid-regulating drugs
Pharmacology of statins. fibrates, nicotinic acid, resins etc.
04: Drugs for anemia
Pathophysiology of anemia Pharmacology of hemopoietic iron, folic acid, vit B12 Pharmacology of erythropoietin
Endocrine Pharmacology
Lectures
01: Endocrine Pancreas and control of blood glucose
Islet hormones, control of blood glucose Diabetes mellitus – types, diagnostic criteria, monitoring Insulin & preparations Oral Hypoglycemic agent’s Hypoglycemic reactions & management
02: Adrenal cortex and drugs used in therapy
Adrenocortical hormones: synthesis & blockers; Control of secretion, mechanism of action Pharmacological actions, uses, and preparations Adverse effects
03: Reproductive system
Hormonal control of female reproductive system Estrogens & anti-estrogens Progesterone & anti-progesterone Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Drugs used for contraception
04: The Uterus
Drugs that stimulate uterine contraction (oxytocic) Drugs that inhibit uterine contraction
05: The Thyroid
Synthesis, storage & secretion of thyroid hormones Thyroid functions & regulations Abnormalities of thyroid function Drugs used in the disease of the thyroid
Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
Lectures
01: Drugs used in Peptic ulcer
Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer Therapeutic goal and approach Antacids, H2- blockers, Proton pump inhibitors, gastric cytoprotective agents, Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen Gastroprokinetic drugs and other agents
02: Drugs to treat diarrhea
Epidemiology, Principles of management Fluid and electrolyte replacement Selection of route and preparations ORS and different IV fluids Role of Antimicrobial drugs Antimotility drugs
03: Drugs used in helminthiasis
04: Laxatives
05: Drugs for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBS) & irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
06: Anti-emetic and Pro-kinetic drugs