Marks distribution of Assessment of Physiology Total marks – 400 (Summative)

  • Written= 200 (SAQ + SEQ) 140 + MCQ (SBA+MTF) 40+Formative 20)
  • SOE =100
  • Practical= 100 (OSPE40 + Traditional 50 +Note Book 10)

 

Cellular Physiology

Core:

  • Physiology: Definition, goal & importance of physiology
  • Homeostasis: definition, major functional systems, control systems, and regulation of the body function
  • The cell: functions of cell membrane and cell organelles
  • The cell membrane transport: active & passive transport, exocytosis & endocytosis, intercellular communication
  • Membrane potential: definition, basic physics of membrane potential, Resting membrane potential
  • Action potential: definition & propagation of action potential
  • Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation
  • Neuromuscular junction: transmission of impulse from the nerve ending to the muscle fiber

Physiology of Blood

Core:

  • Blood: composition & functions
  • Plasma proteins: origin, normal values, properties, functions & effect of hypoproteinemia
  • Development and normal values of formed elements
  • RBC: erythropoiesis
  • Hemoglobin: synthesis, types, functions & fate of hemoglobin
  • Red blood cell indices
  • Anemia, Polycythemia & Jaundice: definition & classification
  • WBC: Classification, morphology, properties & functions, leukocytosis, leucopenia
  • Platelet: morphology & functions
  • Hemostasis: definition & events
  • Coagulation: definition, mechanism
  • Clotting factors & fibrinolysis
  • Blood grouping: ABO & Rh system
  • Hazards of blood transfusion & Rh incompatibility

Additional/Applied Physiology

  • Bleeding disorder: thrombocytopenic purpura & hemophilia, tests for bleeding disorder

 

Cardiovascular Physiology

Core:

  • Cardiac muscle: physiological anatomy, properties
  • Junctional tissues of the heart: generation of cardiac impulse & its conduction
  • Cardiac cycle: events, pressure & volume changes during different phases
  • Heart sounds: types & characteristics
  • ECG: principles, characteristics & interpretations
  • Functional classification of blood vessels & microcirculation
  • Interrelationship among pressure, flow, and resistance
  • Local & humoral control of blood flow by the tissue
  • Exchange of fluid through the capillary membrane
  • SV, EDV, ESV, EF: definition & factors affecting them
  • Cardiac output: definition, measurement, regulation, and factors affecting cardiac output
  • Venous return: definition and factors affecting
  • Peripheral resistance: definition & factors affecting
  • Heart rate: definition, normal values, factors affecting & regulation
  • Radial pulse: definition & characteristics
  • Blood pressure: definition, types, measurement & regulation of arterial blood pressure

Additional/Applied Physiology

Circulatory adjustment during exercise, Coronary circulation

Cardiac arrhythmias: tachycardia, bradycardia, bradycardia & heart block

Shock: definition, classification. Physiological basis of the compensatory mechanism of circulatory shock

 

Respiratory Physiology

Core:

  • Physiological anatomy of the respiratory system
  • Respiration: definition, mechanism.
  • Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation.
  • Pulmonary volumes and capacities (spirometry)
  • Dead space: definition & types
  • Pulmonary circulation- pressure in pulmonary system effect of hydrostatic pressure in lungs, pulmonary capillary dynamics
  • Composition of atmospheric, alveolar, inspired, and expired air
  • Respiratory unit and respiratory membrane
  • Diffusion of Gases through the respiratory membrane
  • Transport of Oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood & body fluid. Oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Bohr effect, Haldane effect & chloride shift mechanism
  • Respiratory centers: name, location & functions
  • Nervous & chemical regulation of respiration
  • Lung function tests: name, significance
  • Ventilation -perfusion ratio
  • Regulation of respiration during exercise
  • Hypoxia: definition, types
  • Cyanosis: definition & types

Additional/Applied Physiology

  • Oxygen therapy in hypoxia
  • Definition of dyspnea, hypercapnia & periodic breathing

 

Renal Physiology

Core:

  • Kidney: functions
  • Nephron: types, parts, structure & functions
  • Renal circulation: peculiarities & functional importance
  • Urine formation: basic mechanism
  • GFR: definition, determinants, measurement, control of GFR & regulation of renal blood flow
  • Reabsorption and secretion by the renal tubules
  • Definition of Tm, Renal threshold, tubular load & plasma load, plasma clearance and diuresis,
  • Mechanism of formation of concentrated urine & diluted urine
  • Micturition reflex

Additional/Applied Physiology

Abnormalities of micturition

 

Gastrointestinal Physiology

Core:

  • Physiological anatomy of gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
  • Enteric nervous system.
  • Local hormones of GIT: name, function & regulation of secretion
  • Hormonal control of GI function.
  • Movements of the GIT.
  • GI reflexes.
  • Functions of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Additional / Applied Physiology

Pyloric pump

Endocrine Physiology and Physiology of Reproduction

Core:

  • Endocrine glands: name & name of their hormones
  • Hormone: definition, classification, mechanism of action, assessment of hormone level
  • Hypothalamic hormones, releasing & inhibitory hormones: name and functions
  • Pituitary Gland: physiological anatomy
  • Pituitary hormones (anterior & posterior): name, functions, mechanism of actions, and their control by the hypothalamus and disorders (dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly & hypopituitarism, and diabetes insipidus)
  • Thyroid Gland: physiological anatomy
  • Parathyroid hormone: functions, mechanism of action & regulation of secretion
  • Adrenal Gland: physiological anatomy. Adrenocortical hormones: name, functions, mechanism of action, regulation of secretion & disorders (Addison’s disease, Cushing’s Syndrome, Conn’s disease)
  • Islets of Langerhans of pancreas- hormones: functions, mechanism of action & regulation of secretion

Additional/Applied Physiology

  • Pathophysiology of insulin deficiency
  • Introduction to reproductive physiology, sex determination & sex differentiation Puberty
  • Functional anatomy of the male reproductive system
  • Secondary sex characteristics of male
  • Testes: functional structure and functions
  • Testosterone: function
  • Spermatogenesis: steps & hormonal control
  • Functional anatomy of the female reproductive system
  • Secondary sex characteristics of female
  • Ovaries: functional structure and functions. Functional structure of the uterus
  • Menstrual cycle: definition, phases and hormonal control
  • Ovarian cycle: phases and hormonal regulation
  • Ovulation: definition, mechanism & hormonal control
  • Definition of menstruation, menarche & menopause
  • Ovarian hormones
  • Functions of estrogen and progesterone
  • Placental hormones: name & functions
  • Gamogenesis: development and lactation

 

Additional/Applied Physiology

Indicators of ovulation. Anovulatory cycle.

 

Neurophysiology

Core:

  • Functional organization of the nervous system and functions of major levels of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Neuron: definition, parts, types
  • Nerve fiber: classification, properties, effects of injury/section to the nerve fiber
  • Synapse: physiological anatomy, properties, types, synaptic transmission
  • Neurotransmitters: definition, types, functions
  • Sensory receptor: definition, classification, properties, receptor potential
  • General/somatic senses: definition, classification
  • Ascending tracts/sensory pathways: name & function
  • Spinothalamic tract, tract of Gall, tract of Burdach, spinocerebellar tract: origin, course, termination & function
  • Cerebral cortex: name & functions of the Brodmann’s areas
  • Reflex: definition, classification, properties
  • Reflex arc: definition, components
  • Stretch reflex, withdrawal reflex, crossed extensor reflex, reciprocal innervation & planter response
  • Muscle spindle: definition, physiological anatomy, functions
  • Muscle tone: definition, function, maintenance
  • Descending tracts/motor pathways: name & function
  • Pyramidal tract: origin, course, termination, function & effect of lesion
  • Extrapyramidal tract: name, functions
  • Upper motor neuron and Lower motor neuron: definition, example, effect of lesion
  • Spinal cord: hemi section
  • Cerebellum: functional division, functions, error control mechanism of motor activity & cerebellar disorder
  • Basal ganglia: functional components, functions & effects of lesion
  • Thalamus, Reticular formation, limbic system: components & functions
  • Hypothalamus: name of the nucleus and functions
  • Autonomic Nervous system: components and functions

Additional/Applied Physiology

Pain: types, the dual pathway for transmission of pain, referred Pain. The thermostatic function of the hypothalamus. Posture, equilibrium: definition, name of the areas controlling them. Sleep, memory: definition, name of the areas controlling them. Alarm or stress response.

 

Physiology of Body Temperature

Core:

  • Normal body temperature, site of measurement, sources of heat gain, channels of heat loss, and regulation of body temperature in hot and cold environments

Additional/Applied Physiology

  • Heat stroke, hypothermia, frostbite, fever

 

Physiology of Special Senses

Core:

  • Vision: physiological anatomy of the eye, image formation in the eyes, visual receptors, visual pathway, common refractive errors, photochemistry of vision, accommodation reaction, light reflex, dark & light adaptation, field of vision, color vision, color blindness, visual acuity
  • Hearing: auditory apparatus, receptor, mechanism of sound wave transmission, auditory pathway
  • Smell: smell receptors, olfactory pathway
  • Taste: taste receptors, modalities of taste sensation, taste pathway

Additional/Applied Physiology

  • Effects of the lesion on the visual pathway
  • Argyll Robertson pupil, Horner’s syndrome

 

Physiology Practical

Core:

  • Developing skills in using of microscope & common laboratory equipment
  • Collection & preparation of blood samples
  • Observation of osmotic behavior of RBC
  • Determination of the total count of RBC
  • Determination of the total count of WBC
  • Determination of differential count of WBC
  • Estimation of hemoglobin
  • Observation of osmotic fragility of RBC
  • Determination of ESR
  • Determination of PCV
  • Determination of Blood grouping (ABO & Rh system) & cross-matching
  • Determination of bleeding time & clotting time
  • Interpretation of Red Cell Indices

Core:

  • Measurement of Blood Pressure & effect of exercise on it
  • Auscultation of 1st & 2nd heart sounds
  • Examination of the radial pulse
  • Recording & analysis of normal ECG (12 leads)

Core:

  • Examination of the respiratory system (physiological aspect)
  • Counting of respiratory rate
  • Auscultation of breath sounds
  • Determination of lung function tests including Spirometry

Core:

  • Examination of motor & sensory functions
  • Elicitation of the reflexes & interpretation of its clinical importance. (knee jerk, biceps jerk, triceps jerks & planter response)

Core:

  • Auscultation of intestinal sound

Core:

  • Determination of specific gravity of urine

Core:

  • Examination of motor & sensory functions
  • Elicitation of the reflexes & interpretation of its clinical importance. (Knee jerk, biceps jerk, triceps jerks & planter response)

Core:

  • Recording of the body temperature
  • Observation of the effect of exercise on body temperature

Core:

  • Observation of Light reflex
  • Interpretation of visual acuity and color vision
  • Conduction and interpretation of Rinne test & Weber test